How does multi-tenant architecture ensure isolation and scalability in ChatGPT systems?

Multi-tenant architecture isolates users logically while sharing infrastructure to maximize GPU utilization and scalability.

ChatGPT serves millions of users on shared infrastructure using multi-tenant architecture. Each tenant (user or organization) shares the same underlying model infrastructure but is logically isolated through request metadata, authentication layers, and resource quotas.

Isolation is enforced at multiple layers: API gateway, scheduling layer, and inference runtime. Rate limiting, priority queues, and resource quotas ensure no single tenant overwhelms system resources.

This architecture enables cost efficiency while maintaining performance guarantees for enterprise and consumer users.