How does Pandas handle internal data type inference during CSV loading?

Pandas infers column types by sampling data and applying heuristic rules.

During CSV parsing, Pandas reads chunks of data and attempts to infer the most suitable dtype for each column. It checks patterns like numeric formats, date formats, and string consistency. If mixed types are detected, it falls back to object dtype. This inference improves usability but can lead to performance overhead and incorrect type assignment in large or messy datasets.