How does Rails handle large-scale data partitioning strategies?

Rails uses horizontal partitioning (sharding), vertical partitioning, and time-based partitioning.

Data partitioning improves scalability by splitting large datasets into manageable segments. Horizontal partitioning distributes rows across shards, vertical partitioning splits tables by columns, and time-based partitioning organizes data by date ranges. Rails integrates with PostgreSQL partitioning or external sharding libraries. Proper partitioning improves query performance and reduces lock contention.