How does Rails handle large-scale system resilience using circuit breakers and bulkhead isolation?

Rails improves resilience using circuit breakers to stop failing services and bulkheads to isolate failures.

Circuit breakers prevent repeated calls to failing external services by opening the circuit after a threshold of failures. Bulkhead isolation separates system resources so that failure in one component does not impact others. Rails integrates these patterns via libraries like stoplight or external service meshes. These patterns prevent cascading failures in distributed systems.