How would you decide between MVVM, VIPER, and Clean Architecture in a real production iOS app?

The choice depends on team size, app complexity, and long-term maintainability vs development speed.

MVVM is lightweight and ideal for most apps, especially with SwiftUI. VIPER enforces strict separation but increases boilerplate and is suited for large, highly modular teams. Clean Architecture sits between them, focusing on dependency direction and testability without enforcing rigid folder structures. The key tradeoff is complexity vs scalability.