How does Scala support multi-stage pipeline processing in data engineering?

Scala supports multi-stage pipelines using Spark, Akka Streams, and functional composition.

Multi-stage pipelines consist of ingestion, transformation, enrichment, aggregation, and serving layers. Scala’s functional programming model allows each stage to be expressed as a composable transformation. Spark handles batch stages, while Akka Streams or FS2 handle real-time streaming stages. Each stage is independently scalable and fault-tolerant.