Why do Kotlin coroutine systems fail under high fan-out requests?

High fan-out creates exponential coroutine creation, causing scheduler and memory overload.

Fan-out occurs when one request triggers many downstream async calls. In Kotlin, this often results in large numbers of coroutines launched simultaneously. If not bounded, this overwhelms dispatchers, increases memory usage, and causes thread starvation. Without concurrency limits, fan-out turns linear load into exponential stress.